• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Problem to be solved: The invention relates to thin-film photovoltaic modules which are rendered semi-transparent by laser ablation or by lithography methods. The areas of transparency (6) form an array of repeating patterns such as an array of circular or hexagonal holes. The electrical insulation lines (P1, P3) and the electrical interconnection lines P2 between the cells are positioned randomly either in the zones of transparency (6) or in the zones of non-transparency, and set evidence of visual effects that decrease the homogeneity quality of said photovoltaic module. Solution: in order to make them invisible to the naked eye, said electrical insulation lines P1 and P3 are positioned in transparent zones (6) arranged in rectilinear strips (7, 8) of high transparency density, and the lines electrical interconnection P2 are positioned in areas of transparency (6) arranged in rectilinear strips (9) of low transparency density.
    公开号:FR3045945A1
    申请号:FR1502617
    申请日:2015-12-16
    公开日:2017-06-23
    发明作者:Rachida Boubekri
    申请人:Sunpartner Technologies SAS；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    OPTICAL DEVICE FOR DECREASING THE VISIBILITY OF ELECTRICAL INTERCONNECTIONS IN THIN-FILM SEMI-TRANSPARENT PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
    The present invention relates to semitransparent photovoltaic modules composed of thin-film solar cells interconnected by visible interconnection and electrical insulation lines, and more particularly photovoltaic modules whose transparency rate is obtained by the creation a more or less dense network of geometric transparency zones in the structure of said thin layers.
    STATE OF THE ART
    A photovoltaic module is composed of a multitude of photovoltaic cells connected in series. Each cell consists of a stack of thin layers positioned in the following order: a transparent substrate (for example mineral or organic glass), then a conductive transparent front electrode generally consisting of a conductive transparent oxide, designated hereinafter by the term "TCO" (Acronym of the term "Transparent Conductive Oxide"), then a photo-active layer generally called "absorber", then a conductive back electrode, usually called "back contact", which is often metallic. The thickness of each thin layer varies from a few hundred nanometers to a few microns.
    The transparency of photovoltaic modules is very much sought after in the building industry and is obtained by various etching and / or lithography processes of the various thin layers (as described in US 4,795,500 to Sanyo). More recently transparency has been obtained by a method of laser ablation of said thin layers. US Pat. No. 6,858,461 describes a technique for laser ablation of lines perpendicular to the lines of interconnection and electrical insulation of the cells. Said interconnection and insulation lines are hereinafter referred to as "scribes". In US Patent 2011/0017280 A, it is micro-holes that are made in the cell structure and the diameter of the holes depends on the energy and the diameter of the laser beam, this diameter does not exceed 40 pm. To increase transparency, Nexpower (US Pat. No. 7,951,725) successively performs laser ablation in two different thin layers, two superposed holes of different diameters. The smallest in the transparent electrode (before the deposition of the photoactive layer and metal), the second largest after deposition of the photoactive layer and the rear metal contact.
    In the case of thin-film photovoltaic modules, the scribes are lines called P1, P2 and P3 which are generally made by laser. Other architectures exist which cause the phenomenon of transparency and which do not require any ablation (WO 2008/093933 and US 2013/0247969) but no particular characteristic concerning the optical quality of the device is described.
    If we define the visual quality of a photovoltaic module by the homogeneity of its transparency, we can also define this quality as the absence, or the least visual distinction, of the geometric, colorimetric and contrast discontinuities that could be seen on its surface by the eye of an observer placed at a distance of about 30 cm. However, the size and the position of the lines of interconnection and isolation of the cells (the scribes) with respect to the zones of transparency create a geometric and contrast discontinuity which is generally perceived by the eye and degrades the desired visual quality. Such a good visual quality is mainly sought for photovoltaic glass.
    OBJECT OF THE INVENTION The invention hereinafter describes a device that makes it possible to improve the visual quality of a photovoltaic surface composed of a multitude of thin-film cells connected by electrical interconnection and isolation lines ( scribes), this improvement in visual quality is obtained by making said interconnection and insulation lines less visible, or even invisible, for an observer placed at about 40 cm from said photovoltaic surface.
    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The subject of the invention is a semi-transparent photovoltaic module comprising: on the one hand a stack of thin layers including at least one transparent thin layer which has the function of a front electrode, a thin photovoltaic layer which has the absorber function, and a thin metal layer that has the function of a back electrode; said thin layers being deposited on a transparent substrate; said photovoltaic module being partitioned into a plurality of N, N + 1, ... N + x cells electrically interconnected by means of electrical interconnection lines P2 making the junction between the rear electrode of the N cell and the front electrode of the N + 1 cell, and by means of electrical insulation lines making the insulation P3 between the rear electrode of the N cell and the N + 1 cell, and the insulation P1 between the front electrode N cell and N + 1 cell; on the other hand, a multitude of transparency zones arranged at least in said rear metal electrode and in said photovoltaic absorber thin layer; said transparency zones all having the same geometric shape and being positioned relative to each other to form one or more networks visually revealing a multitude of rectilinear strip areas whose longitudinal axes are parallel; some of said transparency zones being arranged in bands having a high density of transparency and some of said transparency zones being arranged in a strip having a low transparency density, characterized in that said electrical insulation lines P1 and P3 are positioned in said rectilinear bands of high transparency density, and said electrical interconnection lines P2 are positioned in said rectilinear bands of low transparency density, so as to reduce the visibility with the naked eye of said lines of isolation and interconnection electrical P1, P2 and P3.
    Indeed, the electrical interconnection lines P2 and the insulation lines P1 and P3 have different colors and transparencies depending on whether said lines are positioned in a transparency zone or not and that the manufacturing is done by laser ablation (ablation direct thin layers) or by lithography processes (etching layers through a mask). The analysis of the different possible cases (see below the detailed description of Figures 2 and 3) shows that the visibility of said lines (P1, P2, P3) is reduced when they are positioned in areas in straight strips whose color or the transparency according to the case is similar to theirs. A typical particular case is that of a photovoltaic surface whose partial transparency is achieved by the removal of a network of zones, holes, having the form of disks. In this case, the discs must not touch each other so that the electric current can flow from one cell to another. The spaces between the holes are aligned and form a multitude of areas in rectilinear bands of low transparency. It is then in this zone of low transparency that it is wise to place the connector P2 which is itself opaque. Insulation lines P1 and P3 are lines drawn respectively in the front and back electrodes, it is then advisable to place these lines in the zones in rectilinear bands of high transparency which have formed along the lines which pass through the center ablated areas, here the center of the circular holes. In this case, the lines P1 and P3 will naturally be transparent. The need to make the lines P1, P2 and P3 parallel to each other so as not to overlap, and the need to create zones in straight strips of low and high transparency to best allow the "camouflage" of said lines P1 , P2 and P3, requires on the one hand to choose the basic shape and dimensions (spacing, width, layout, transparency ratio) of the network of transparency zones and secondly to choose the dimensions in width and spacing of the three lines P1, P2 and P3 so that the combination of all these elements is compatible with each other and leads to the desired result.
    In a particular embodiment, the geometric shapes of the transparency zones constituting said ordered network are chosen from among the following forms or in combination: discs, oval, polygonal, hexagonal, square surfaces. Advantageously, the disks make it possible to minimize the diffraction effects with respect to the polygonal shapes.
    In another particular embodiment, the width of said three lines of interconnection and electrical insulation (P1, P2, P3) is less than 100 micrometers.
    This width makes it easy to place the interconnection line P2 in a band of low transparency, so as not to be visible in a transparent zone.
    According to an alternative embodiment, the distance separating two consecutive interconnection or electrical insulation lines (P1, P2, P3) is greater than 100 micrometers. It can be shown that in this configuration, said three lines are at the limit of the separating power of the eye, substantially 116 μηι for an observation at a distance of more than 40 cm from the module.
    In another particular embodiment, the geometric shapes of said transparency zones have their largest dimension greater than 400 micrometers. Such dimensions improve the optical quality of the semi-transparent photovoltaic module, in particular by reducing blur.
    According to another particular embodiment, the opaque zones separating said transparency zones have their smallest dimension less than 100 micrometers.
    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention is now described in more detail with the aid of the description of the indexed FIGS. 1 to 7.
    Figure 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of a photovoltaic module composed of thin layers.
    FIG. 2 represents a table summarizing the different appearances of the electrical connection lines in the case of a laser ablation transparency embodiment.
    FIG. 3 represents a table summarizing the different appearances of the electrical connection lines in the case of a lithographic transparency embodiment.
    FIG. 4 represents an example of non-optimized positioning of the scribes in the case of laser ablation or by lithographic process.
    FIG. 5 represents an example of optimized positioning of the scribes which then become invisible in the case of laser ablation or lithographic process.
    Figure 6 shows the example of a network of circular transparency zones and the calculation of the dimensions and the optimal positioning of the scribes.
    Figure 7 shows an example of hexagonal honeycomb transparency zones.
    FIG. 1 represents in section a photovoltaic module (1) and its constituents: N, N + 1, N + X cells are connected in series mode. All the cells have an identical width L and consist of the stack of a transparent substrate (5), usually made of glass or plastic, of a thin conductive transparent oxide layer (2) also called a front electrode which is deposited on the transparent substrate (5), a thin absorber layer (3) which is a photovoltaic layer, for example amorphous silicon, and then a thin conductive metal layer (4) called a back electrode. The separation of the cells (N, N + 1, N + x, ...) is carried out by insulating lines (P1) in the TCO (2), generally made by laser scribes or by chemical etching associated with a lithography process. A second etching line (P2) is formed in the absorber (3), which is then filled with metal and forms the contact between the rear electrode (4) and the front electrode (2) of the (N) -cell , making it an interconnection line. Insulation lines (P3) are formed in the rear electrode (4). For practical reasons, the etching of the lines P3 is generally done up to the front electrode (2) of the cell (N). The lines P1, P2 and P3 do not have the same color since they are not covered by the same material. Depending on the type of application, the device can be observed either on the side of the rear contact (4), or on the side of the transparent substrate (5). In the case where the device is viewed from the metal side (4), the line P1 is covered by the metal (4) and is therefore only very little or not visible. The P2 line is also covered with metal but can be more visible if the TCO (2) / metal (4) interface is textured, while the P3 line is completely transparent, thus contrasting with the metal, making it visible . In the case where the device is viewed from the side of the transparent substrate (5), the line P1 has the color of the photoactive layer (3), the line P2 that of the metal (4) and the line P3 remains completely transparent. The width of the insulation and interconnection lines (P1, P2, P3) varies from ten microns to a hundred microns and the distance between the lines also varies from ten to a hundred microns.
    FIG. 2 is a two-input array that applies to laser etched cells and maps each of the P1, P2, P3 connection lines (the first column showing their original color) and their possible position. outside a transparency zone (OUT) or inside a transparency zone (IN). Each case envisaged gives six combinations, six boxes whose dark or light aspect informs on the visual rendering of each line (P1, P2, P3). It can thus be seen that P1 and P2, which are originally opaque, remain dark after ablation when they are outside a transparency zone (OUT) but only P1 becomes transparent in a zone of transparency (IN), while P2 remains opaque. P3, which is originally transparent, remains transparent after ablation both in a transparent area (IN) and in a non-transparent area (OUT). The fourth column indicates the best optical positioning choice (IN or OUT) for each of the three lines (P1, P2, P3). Thus it will be wise to position P1 and P3 in areas of transparency (IN) and P2 in non-transparent areas (OUT) so that they are the least visible to the naked eye.
    FIG. 3 is a two-input table that applies to cells made by lithography etching processes and which matches each of the connection lines P1, P2, P3 (the first column showing their original color). ) and their possible position outside a transparency zone (OUT) or inside a transparency zone (IN). Each case envisaged gives six combinations, six boxes whose dark or light aspect informs on the visual rendering of each line (P1, P2, P3). It can thus be seen that P1 and P2, which are originally opaque, remain dark after etching when they are outside a transparency zone (OUT) and that P3, which is originally transparent, remains transparent outside this transparency zone. (OUT). On the other hand, all scribes P1, P2 and P3 are transparent in the areas of transparency (IN) after etching. The fourth column indicates the best choice of positioning (IN or OUT) for each of the three lines (P1, P2, P3). Thus, it will be advisable to position P1 and P3 in zones (IN), while it is possible optically to position the lines P2 indifferently in (IN) or (OUT) zones. However, since P2 is the electrical interconnection line between the front electrode and the rear electrode, if it were placed in an area (IN), only part of the line would effectively serve to interconnect the two electrodes. This would have the effect of increasing the resistance of the cell and thus reduce the electrical performance of the photovoltaic module. Thus the interconnection line P2 must advantageously be placed outside a transparent zone (OUT) for reasons of electrical production.
    It can thus be seen that the best choices for positioning the scribes (column 4), whatever the method of ablation of the module (laser or lithography), are identical.
    FIG. 4 represents a junction between two N and N + 1 cells in the case where the zones of transparency (6) (here disks) are made by laser ablation and when the position of the scribes is not optimized. In most cases, the incident beam of the laser passes through the transparent substrate first. Due to the differences in absorption of the laser beam by the different materials that make up the cell, depending on the wavelength and the proper fluence of the laser, some thin layers of the cell may be transparent. For example, a green pulsed laser of wavelength 532 nm will be used to ablate the photoactive layer. The TCO is transparent for this wavelength of the laser, the ablation then occurs first in the photoactive layer which sprays the thin metal placed behind. The content of the scribe P1 is ablated together with the photoactive layer if the latter is located in the zone of transparency, whereas the scribe P2 which contains only the metal may not be ablated by the laser (at the same time). fluence). The P2 can therefore remain visible through the transparency zone. This is shown in Figure 4. At the visual level it is the entire line of vertical disks (7) which becomes darker and the scribe P3, which is transparent, adds transparency to the line of vertical disks ( 8) because said P3 scribe is positioned mainly in areas of non-transparency (9), which will be perceived by the eye of the observer as an amplified contrast defect.
    Figure 5 shows the example of Figure 4 above but this time the position of the scribes is optimized by following the guidelines in column (4) of the table in Figure 2. The scribes P1 and P3 are placed in the areas of transparency (IN, 6), that is to say substantially in the center and parallel to the parallel bands of high transparency (7,8) and the scribe P2 is placed in a zone of non-transparency (OUT), that is to say say substantially in the center and parallel to parallel bands of low transparency (9). "Parallel bands of high or low transparency" means the respective appearance of light or dark bands perceived by the observer who, being at a distance from the areas of transparency greater than the separating power of his eye, does not distinguish the contents said bands. In the example of FIGS. 4 and 5 above, said bands of high transparency (7, 8) consist of the alignment of the transparent discs (6) and said bands of low transparency (9) consist of the spaces between the alignment of the transparent disks (6).
    FIG. 6 illustrates a calculation method for calculating the distance d between the centers of two rows of disks (6) for a photovoltaic module which must be rendered semi-transparent by laser ablation. If R is the radius of the disks (6) and Cd is the distance between the disks, the geometric formula is:
    (1)
    If the width of each cell that composes the module, and thus the distance between two consecutive lines P1, is L, the condition for the lines P1 and P3 to be positioned at the center of the transparency patterns (6) at each interconnection is that the width L of each cell is proportional to the distance d:
    (2)
    In other words, the width L of each cell and the distance d between the geometric shapes of the transparency zones (6) is given by the relation L = k d; k being an integer.
    In an exemplary embodiment, if the transparency is achieved by circular hole lines, the width of the cells L is fixed beforehand during the deposition of the layers by scribes P1 made in the TCO. The positioning of the scribes with respect to the bands of high or low transparency, which are generally performed after the deposition of the thin layers of the photovoltaic module, is optimized at each interconnection by adjusting the radius R of the circular holes and the distance Cd between them as a function of the transparency rate. This optimization is done via a simple algorithm known to those skilled in the art so as to satisfy the relationship (2).
    In a second embodiment comparable to the first, but where the radius R of the circular holes and the distance Cd between them are determined beforehand as a function of a fixed transparency ratio, the width L of the cells is then calculated before the realization of the P1 insulation scribes to satisfy the relationship (2).
    In the two previous cases of realization, once the positioning of the scribe P1 is fixed, the positioning of the scribes P2 and P3 is made according to the dimensions R of the circular holes and the distance Cd between the holes.
    In a third embodiment, the scribes are fixed beforehand during the deposition of the various layers constituting the photovoltaic module, the scribe P2 being located halfway between the scribes P1 and P3. During the ablation process, their position is detected using a camera. In a second step, a correction either of the size of the geometric shapes of the transparency zones, or of the distance between said shapes, is progressively made on all of said shapes or alternatively on the shapes close to the scribes. This correction can be done using a program which controls the laser to position the high density bands of transparency at the level of the lines of insulation P1 and P3, and the bands of low density of transparency at the level of the line P2.
    In the case where the correction of the dimensions of the geometric shapes takes place on the zones of transparency near the scribes, it can appear two or three networks of zones of transparency instead of one which is repeated on all the cells.
    FIG. 7 illustrates another example of optimized positioning of scribes P1, P2 and P3 in a network of hexagonal holes. P1 and P3 are placed in the areas of transparency (IN), that is to say substantially in the center and parallel to parallel bands of high transparency (7,8) and P2 is placed in a non-transparent area (OUT) that is to say substantially in the center and parallel to the parallel strips of low transparency (9).
    ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION
    Finally the invention responds well to the goals set by improving the visual quality of a photovoltaic module (1) composed of a multitude of thin-film cells connected by interconnection lines and electrical insulation (P1 , P2, P3), this improvement of the visual quality is obtained by making said interconnection and electrical insulation lines less visible, or even non-visible, by placing said lines (P1, P2, P3) in zones of transparency or of non transparency in relation to the similarity of their apparent colors.
    权利要求:
    Claims (7)
    [1" id="c-fr-0001]
    1 - Semi-transparent photovoltaic module (1) comprising: on the one hand a stack of thin layers (2,3,4) of which at least one transparent thin layer which has the function of front electrode (2), a thin layer photovoltaic cell which has the function of an absorber (3) and a thin metallic layer which has the function of a back electrode (4); said thin layers (2,3,4) being deposited on a transparent substrate (5); said photovoltaic module (1) being partitioned into a plurality of cells (N, N + 1, ... N + x) electrically interconnected by means of electrical interconnection lines (P2) connecting the rear electrode (4) of the N cell and the front electrode (2) of the N + 1 cell, and by means of electrical isolation lines making the isolation (P3) between the back electrode (4) of the N cell and the N + 1 cell, and the isolation (P1) between the front electrode (2) of the N cell and the N + 1 cell; on the other hand a multitude of transparency zones (6) arranged at least in said rear metal electrode (4) and in said photovoltaic absorber thin layer (3); said transparent areas (6) having all the same geometrical shape and being positioned relative to one another to form one or more arrays visually revealing a multitude of rectilinear strip areas (7, 8, 9) whose longitudinal axes are parallel; some of said zones (6) being arranged in strips (7, 8) having a high density of transparency and some of said zones (6) being arranged in a strip (9) having a low transparency density, characterized in that said lines electrical insulation (P1 and P3) are positioned in said rectilinear strips (7, 8) of high transparency density, and said electrical interconnection lines (P2) are positioned in said rectilinear strips (9) of low transparency density, in order to reduce the visibility with the naked eye of said insulation and electrical interconnection lines (P1, P2 and P3).
    [2" id="c-fr-0002]
    2 - Photovoltaic module according to claim 1, characterized in that said geometric shape of the transparent areas (6) constituting said ordered network are chosen from among the following forms or in combination: discs, oval, polygonal, hexagonal surfaces, square.
    [3" id="c-fr-0003]
    3 - Photovoltaic module (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the width of said three lines of interconnection and electrical insulation (P1, P2, P3) is less than 100 micrometers.
    [4" id="c-fr-0004]
    4 - Photovoltaic module (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the distance between two interconnection lines or electrical insulation (P1, P2, P3) consecutive is greater than 100 micrometers.
    [5" id="c-fr-0005]
    5 - Photovoltaic module (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said geometric shapes of said transparent areas (6) have their largest dimension greater than 400 micrometers.
    [6" id="c-fr-0006]
    6 - Photovoltaic module (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that said transparent areas (6) are separated by opaque areas which have dimensions less than 100 micrometers.
    [7" id="c-fr-0007]
    7 - Photovoltaic module (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the relationship between the width L of each photovoltaic cell and the distance d between said transparency areas (6) is given by the relationship L = k d; k being an integer.
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    法律状态:
    2016-11-21| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2017-06-23| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20170623 |
    2017-11-21| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2019-11-20| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 5 |
    2021-09-10| ST| Notification of lapse|Effective date: 20210806 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1502617A|FR3045945B1|2015-12-16|2015-12-16|OPTICAL DEVICE FOR DECREASING THE VISIBILITY OF ELECTRICAL INTERCONNECTIONS IN THIN-FILM SEMI-TRANSPARENT PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES|FR1502617A| FR3045945B1|2015-12-16|2015-12-16|OPTICAL DEVICE FOR DECREASING THE VISIBILITY OF ELECTRICAL INTERCONNECTIONS IN THIN-FILM SEMI-TRANSPARENT PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES|
    JP2018531598A| JP2018537863A|2015-12-16|2016-12-12|Optical device for reducing the visibility of electrical interconnections in translucent thin layer photovoltaic modules|
    CN201680073943.4A| CN108431966A|2015-12-16|2016-12-12|For reducing the Optical devices of the visibility of the electrical interconnection in the translucent photovoltaic module of thin layer|
    EP16823305.4A| EP3391421A1|2015-12-16|2016-12-12|Optical device for reducing the visibility of electrical interconnections in semi-transparent thin-film photovoltaic modules|
    US16/061,818| US20190006546A1|2015-12-16|2016-12-12|Optical device for reducing the visibility of electrical interconnections in semi-transparent thin-film photovoltaic modules|
    PCT/FR2016/000207| WO2017103350A1|2015-12-16|2016-12-12|Optical device for reducing the visibility of electrical interconnections in semi-transparent thin-film photovoltaic modules|
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